Amdahl's Law

Understanding the fundamental limit of performance optimization

Amdahl’s Law is a fundamental principle in performance optimization. It describes the theoretical speedup you can achieve when improving a portion of the program. It’s named after computer architect Gene Amdahl, who formulated it in 1967.

The core idea is that when a part of the system is optimized its overall impact on the system depends on two factors: how significant this part was and how much it was sped up.

The Formula

The speedup is given by:

Speedup = 1 / ((1 - α) + α/k)

Where:

  • α how significant this part is to the overall system (0 to 1)
  • k the speed up factor
  • (1 - α) is the part we’re not optimizing
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